Everything about Beijing Treaty totally explained
The
Convention of Peking or the
First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties, which were concluded between
Qing China and the
United Kingdom,
France, and
Russia.
Background
On
18 October 1860, at the culmination of the
Second Opium War, the British and French troops entered the
Forbidden City in
Beijing. Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese,
Prince Gong was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with
Lord Elgin and
Baron Gros, who represented Britain and France respectively. Although Russia hadn't been a belligerent, Prince Gong also signed a treaty with
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky.
The original plan was to burn down the Forbidden City as punishment for the mistreatment of European prisoners by Qing officials. Because doing so would jeopardize the treaty signing, the plan shifted to burning the Emperor's garden estates of
Qīngyī Yuán and
Yuánmíng Yuán instead.
Terms
[[Image:Prince Gong.jpg|thumb|right|160px|
Prince Gong, photographed by
Felice Beato,
2 November 1860, just days before he'd sign the treaty.
Article 6 of the Convention between China and the United Kingdom stipulated that China was to cede the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present day
Boundary Street,
Kowloon, and
Hong Kong (including
Stonecutters Island) in perpetuity to Britain.
The treaty also ceded parts of
Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire. It granted Russia the right to the
Ussuri krai, a part of the modern day
Primorye, the territory that corresponded with the ancient
Manchu province of
East Tartary. The treaty is considered one of the
unequal Treaties.
Aftermath
The governments of the
United Kingdom and the
People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the
Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong in 1984, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with
Hong Kong Island, ceded under the
Treaty of Nanking (1842), and
Kowloon (south of Boundary Street), was scheduled to be transferred to the PRC on
1 July 1997.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Beijing Treaty'.
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